What valuation multiples do you use beyond EV/EBITDA?

Q: When should you use Price-to-Book instead of EV/EBITDA?

Price-to-Book (P/B) is the go-to multiple for banks, insurers, and financial institutions because their assets are held at or near market value, making book value economically meaningful. A bank below 1.0x P/B signals distress or poor return on equity. For asset-light businesses like software or consulting firms, book value bears little relation to economic value making P/B irrelevant.

Q: What is EV/EBIT and when is it preferred over EV/EBITDA?

EV/EBIT measures enterprise value relative to earnings before interest and taxes but after depreciation and amortization. It is preferred for capital-intensive businesses like manufacturing and infrastructure where depreciation represents a real economic cost of maintaining assets. EV/EBITDA can overstate cash generation for these companies by ignoring the ongoing capital reinvestment required to sustain operations.

Q: What are sector-specific multiples and why do they exist?

Sector-specific multiples capture value drivers unique to certain industries. Examples include EV/ARR for SaaS companies with recurring revenue, price per subscriber for media and telecom, EV/reserves for oil and gas, and price per bed for hospitals. They exist because standard multiples do not capture the key operating metrics that actually drive value creation in specialized industries.

Q: What is EV/Unlevered Free Cash Flow and when would you use it?

EV/Unlevered FCF compares enterprise value to free cash flow available to all capital providers before debt service. It is useful when EBITDA poorly approximates actual cash generation, such as for companies with large working capital swings, heavy CapEx, or significant stock-based compensation. It gives a truer picture of what the business actually produces in cash relative to its total value.

Master the valuation multiples beyond EV/EBITDA: P/E, P/B, EV/Sales, and EV/EBIT. Learn when each applies and why it matters in IB interviews.

OFFERGOBLIN·5 min read·updated July 2026

"The man who has a hammer thinks everything is a nail." — Charlie Munger

Concept

Valuation multiples are ratios that compare a company's value (equity or enterprise) to a financial metric (earnings, sales, book value). EV/EBITDA is the default, but it's not always the right choice. Other multiples exist because companies differ in capital intensity, profitability stage, leverage, and accounting treatment. Matching the multiple to the business model is the real skill.

Intuition

Different businesses generate value differently. A bank's value comes from its balance sheet—P/B makes sense. A SaaS company's value comes from sticky recurring revenue—EV/ARR makes sense. A manufacturer's value depends on capital reinvestment—EV/EBIT captures what EV/EBITDA misses.

Multiples are shortcuts. The right shortcut depends on what you're trying to shortcut. Using EV/EBITDA on a bank is like measuring a fish's climbing ability—technically possible, completely useless.

Components

Price-to-Earnings (P/E)

What It Is

Equity Value divided by Net Income. The most intuitive multiple—what you pay per dollar of profit.

P/E = \frac{Equity Value}{Net Income} = \frac{Share Price}{EPS}

How to Calculate It

Use diluted EPS to capture all potential shares. Can be LTM (trailing) or NTM (forward). Normalize for one-time items.

Key Consideration

P/E is equity-specific. Two companies with identical operations but different leverage will have different P/Es. Use for capital-light businesses with stable earnings—like consumer staples, software, or financials. Useless for unprofitable companies (negative denominator).

Price-to-Book (P/B)

What It Is

Equity Value divided by Book Value of Equity. Measures what you pay per dollar of accounting net worth.

P/B = \frac{Equity Value}{Book Value of Equity}

How to Calculate It

Book Value = Total Assets − Total Liabilities. Use tangible book value for companies where goodwill is suspect.

Key Consideration

The go-to multiple for banks and insurers. Financial institutions hold assets at or near market value, so book value is economically meaningful. A bank trading below 1.0x P/B signals distress or poor ROE. For asset-light companies, book value is almost meaningless—ignore P/B for software or consulting firms.

EV/Revenue (EV/Sales)

What It Is

Enterprise Value divided by Revenue. The crudest profitability-agnostic multiple.

EV/Revenue = \frac{Enterprise Value}{Revenue}

How to Calculate It

Straightforward: take EV, divide by LTM or NTM revenue.

Key Consideration

Use when earnings don't exist yet. High-growth tech companies, early-stage biotech, or turnarounds with negative EBITDA. The tradeoff: revenue says nothing about margins. A 3x EV/Revenue company with 10% margins is fundamentally different from one with 40% margins. Always pair EV/Revenue analysis with margin trajectory.

EV/EBIT

What It Is

Enterprise Value divided by EBIT. Like EV/EBITDA, but after depreciation.

EV/EBIT = \frac{Enterprise Value}{EBIT}

How to Calculate It

EBIT = Operating Income. Use operating income from the income statement or EBITDA minus D&A.

Key Consideration

Better than EV/EBITDA for capital-intensive businesses. D&A approximates maintenance capex for manufacturers, airlines, and telecom. EV/EBITDA ignores this real cash drain; EV/EBIT captures it. If D&A is a meaningful expense, EV/EBIT is more conservative and often more accurate.

EV/Unlevered Free Cash Flow

What It Is

Enterprise Value divided by Unlevered Free Cash Flow. Measures value per dollar of cash actually available to all capital providers.

EV/UFCF = \frac{Enterprise Value}{Unlevered Free Cash Flow}

How to Calculate It

UFCF = EBIT × (1 − Tax Rate) + D&A − CapEx − ΔWorking Capital.

Key Consideration

The theoretically "cleanest" multiple. UFCF reflects actual cash generation after real reinvestment needs. Problem: more volatile and harder to project than EBITDA. Rarely used in quick comps but essential for validating DCF-implied multiples.

Sector-Specific Multiples

What It Is

Multiples tailored to industry-specific value drivers that standard metrics miss.

Sector	Multiple	Why
Real Estate (REITs)	P/FFO, P/AFFO	Net income distorted by non-cash depreciation
Oil & Gas	EV/EBITDAX, EV/Reserves	Exploration costs are investments, not expenses
Tech/SaaS	EV/ARR, EV/Subscriber	Recurring revenue is the value driver
Retail	EV/Store, Revenue/Sq Ft	Comparable footprint metrics
Cable/Telecom	EV/Subscriber	Infrastructure value tied to user base

Key Consideration

Sector multiples exist because GAAP doesn't capture economic reality. A REIT's depreciation expense doesn't reflect cash—buildings appreciate, not depreciate. Oil exploration is an investment in future production, not a period cost. Match the multiple to the industry's actual economics.

Interview Script

Other multiples exist because EV/EBITDA isn't always the right fit—different businesses generate value differently. A bank's value comes from its balance sheet, so P/B makes sense. A SaaS company has sticky recurring revenue, so EV/ARR is appropriate. A manufacturer depends on capital reinvestment, so EV/EBIT captures what EBITDA misses. The key is matching the multiple to the business model—using EV/EBITDA on a bank would be like measuring a fish's climbing ability.

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Frequently Asked Questions

When should you use Price-to-Book instead of EV/EBITDA?

What is EV/EBIT and when is it preferred over EV/EBITDA?

What are sector-specific multiples and why do they exist?

What is EV/Unlevered Free Cash Flow and when would you use it?